Reading the book titled “The merchant of Venice” was a real struggle for me. The English text included in the book and the format of the presentation was something I had never seen before. I had to struggle to understand most of the words included in the book, or even interpret their meaning. The book was one of the literary texts for the school syllabus and thus I had no option but to read and understand the contents since a test would soon follow. However, our efforts as a class were significant in enabling me to grasp and understand most of the information being conveyed through the complex text. We recited the book and formulated most of the content in a song in an attempt to improve our understanding of the same. As much as the text used in the book were difficult to comprehend and memorize, our reciting of the words enabled us to not only memorize the book content but also excel in the assignments that followed.

With the guide and assistance of our English teacher, we embarked on the process of reciting the book in the form of a poem. The idea and the goal of composing a poem from the book content were to enable us to memorize its content that would later be tested in an examination. The process of memorizing the poem and reciting was not easy, however, we worked in groups and encouraged each other t work towards attaining our desire of grasping the whole content of the book.

Indeed the practicing period lasted more than a week. Finding time for the same amidst our business schedule was not easy, however, our motivation to ensure that we properly understood the contents of the paper drove us to even work harder and spare more time after class for practice. At the elapse of one week, we were able to recite the book and also got a chance to present our poem to some audience.

We never thought that the book could give us a chance to take part in music festivals. After our presentation to the school, we got an opportunity to present them in the inter-school music festivals. The poem was ranked as one of the best amongst those presented by the various schools within the locality. A project that started just as a way of enabling us to understand the book culminated in a project that would later give us more credit in a competition. The practices that we undertook to ensure we excelled in the competition, further enhanced our memorization of the book content.Our ability to memorize and understand the text contributing to our enhanced level of performance in examinations presented at the end of the year.

Child development theorists

Though many scholars and scientists have been involved in the study of child development in the last decade, Only a few of the theories have remained applicable in the current time. Among this group of theorists include five major scholars. Freud, Erikson, and Kohlberg’s are some of the major theorists that have been involved in the discussion of child development. Freud proposed the psycho-sexual stage development theory, while Erickson developed the psycho-social stage development theory. Kohlberg in his study developed the moral understanding stage theory.

Child development theories 

Freud’s psychosexual development theory

According to Freud’s child development theory, the psychological development of a child takes place in five major psycho-sexual stages. These stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital developmental stages. These stages represent the fixation of libido on different parts and areas of the body.

Child development theories and  personal development

At the oral stage, the primary form of interaction of the infant is through the mouth. The sucking and rooting reflex occurring during eating are considered the major source of pleasure for the child. At this stage, the infant derives pleasure from the oral stimulation of the body, achieved through tasting and sucking. This stage is evident when the child is between 0-1 years of age.

The anal stage is focused on controlling libido through a bowel movement. The theory holds that the major conflict during the anal stage is toilet training and results in a sense of independence and accomplishment. The successful accomplishment of this developmental stage is dependent on how well the child learns to use the toilet

The phallic stage is characterized by the discovery of the difference between male and female. This stage is witnessed when the child is between 3 to 6 years. At this stage, the child learns the sexual difference between the two parents and desires to associate with the same sex.

The latent period is evident when the child has attained 6 years, to puberty. The sexual feelings of the child are however inactive. The development of the ego and superego continues during this stage. Children are likely to become fixated of stuck at this stage.

The genital stage is characterized by the onset of puberty that causes the libido to become active again. The individual at this stage develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage starts during puberty and lasts throughout the stages of the person’s life. Interest in the welfare of others also grows during this stage

Introduction and Company Profile

Walmart Inc. is one of the major American multinational corporations operating in different parts of the globe. Since its establishment in the year 1962, the company has focused on the management of hypermarkets, grocery and departmental stores and expanded its services to a reach a wide range of customers across the world (Walmart Inc. n.d). According to the Fortune Global 500 report, Walmart is categorized as the world’s largest company based on revenue and largest employer (Walmart Inc. 2018). Despite its high performance and expansion into the international market, Walmart is yet to venture in to Hong Kong market, to compete effectively with major players such as Tesco who are already in the market. The company needs to adopt an effective market entry strategy as well as manage its human resource management challenges effectively to enhance its competitiveness in the new market.

Focusing on human resource management challenges, this report presents a detailed discussion of the human resource strategy that should be adopted by Walmart in its expansion to Hong Kong and to address its human resource management challenges. The report gives a discussion on the economic environment of the new market and its possible effects of various strategies in addressing human resource management challenges. Also, the report provides a detailed discussion on the effectiveness of the HRM strategies in achieving maximum employee commitment, enhanced flexibility, and attainment of workforce quality. The report also presents a set of recommendations on the HRM strategies that should be adopted by the company in its management of the probable human resource management challenges.

Economic Factors Influencing Human resource management Challenges 

PESTLE Analysis of Hong kong 

Hong Kong is an affluent nation locates in the Arab Peninsula. The country is ranked as one of the most performing in the world based on its high Gross Domestic Products per capita value (Bush, 2016). The majority of the country’s wealth arises from its oil exports with other industries having a significant contribution to the same (Nataraja and Al-Aali, 2011). The political, economic, social, technological and legal environments are advanced herein.

Political Factors

Hong Kong comprises seven different governmental organizations that support a flexible system of governance. The leader of each of the emirates is members of the Supreme Council that makes the policies for the region and elects the president and the vice president (Bush, 2016). The fact that the making of policies and election of rulers are centralized ensures that favorable policies for every emirate are availed. The country also has developed strong trade relations with different countries across the globe, making it a suitable destination for any new venture (Nataraja and Al-Aali, 2011). Nevertheless, cases of conflicts are occasionally reported following the disagreements on oil reserve ownership or land by the neighboring nations.

Economic Factors

The economic factors that will influence the operations of any business in the region include the GDP per capita income of the country, unemployment rates and level of foreign direct investments. According to Bush (2016), UAE is categorized as one of the countries with the highest value of GDP per capita, 25. Also, the country has the highest amount of foreign direct investments in the region, presenting it as a suitable business hub for multinational corporations. The Unemployment rates in the region are very low, an issue that may be challenging to an organization that seeks to engage the services of the local employees. However, it is also reported that most of the employees are highly qualified thus enhances the chances of an organization to have access to the highly qualified staff as much as their number may be limited.

Social Factors

Hong Kong is characterized by some unique social factors. The majority of the people in Hong Kong live a lavish life due to their well-paying jobs. As such, the target employees in the region will accept nothing short-off a well-paying job that will ensure they maintain their comfortable lifestyles. Religion and culture form the major factors that influence the behavior of the consumers in the region (Nataraja and Al-Aali, 2011). Issues such as dressing, purchase intention, and consumption of various food products are determined based on the cultural beliefs and values of the customers.

A majority of consumers in Hong Kong are predominantly Muslims, as such, their action, and social life are driven by Islamic laws. However, the advent of globalization has resulted in many people moving into the major towns of Hong Kong. Specifically, the number of immigrants in Abu Dhabi is high presenting a population that is characterized by mixed cultural values and beliefs (Bush, 2016).  Despite these mixed cultures, the Hong Kong nationals are tolerant of other religions and offer maximum freedom to the expatriates and other immigrants that may consider working in the country.

Technological Factors

In the current business market, technology is a major requirement in the operation of any business. As such, companies will evaluate the technology advancement levels in a region as well as determine the technical abilities of the staff before engaging in the business. Hong Kong’s population consists mostly of young individuals that are techno-savvy making it easy for any company to leverage technology in its operations (Bush, 2016). The wealth exhibited by the nation has also enabled it to purchase adequate technological infrastructure improving its technological development.

Legal factors

Activities within Hong Kong are mostly governed by Islamic laws. Depending on the case to be handled, only a single judge or a bench of three judges hears cases. Court proceedings in the region are complex since all evidence must be provided in Arabic are overly time-consuming (Cave, 2004). Any multi-national corporation faced with a legal challenge in the region must seek the help of lawyers and legal minds from within the country to win any case. This presents the need for multi-national corporations to engage the local employees in their operations.

Environmental

Hong Kong is a sandy desert with a coastal area, as such; the nation has a hot and dry climate that can result in a significant reduction in the productivity of the employees. Farming is not easy in the region, thus companies relying on fresh produce needs to devise ways of accessing the same (Nataraja and Al-Aali, 2011). Trade has been made easier in the region, due to the presence of coastline, as such; importation or exportation of various raw materials or products is not a challenge.

HRM Theories

Two major theories that have dominated the discourse of HRM as opposing theoretical foundations are the contingency and universalistic theories. According to the universal approach to human resource management, there is a significant relationship between the management of human resource management challenges and an enhanced level of organizational performance (Syed and Jamal, 2012). Proponents of the theory argue that there are best HRM practices that when implemented would have significant positive implications on the performance of the organization, as well as in controlling its human resource management challenges (Knies et al., 2017). The universalistic approach to HRM holds that the best practices positively impact on the motivation and efficiency of the workforce and consequently enhance the overall performance of the company.

On the contrary, the contingency theory argues that increased organizational performance can only be attained when human resource management challenges are properly managed. Proponents of the theory argue that effective integration of the HRM practices and the strategy of the company results in enhanced performance of the company. According to Úbeda-García et al (2013, p. 35), there are certain human resource management challenges that may not be consistent with the strategy of the organization, as such, should not be included in the management process. The inclusion of such inconsistent practices will not only cause ambiguity but will also result in a significant reduction in the productivity of the employees. The contingency allows the HRM management to encourage and support employee behaviors that are consisted with the overall strategy of the business. Working in harmony with the company strategy is essential in ensuring that the HRM practices employed are properly implemented to promote the attainment of an enhanced level of performance.

The implementation of the contingency HRM approach in the management of the HRM activities will promise a significant positive return to the company. According to Knies et al., (2017) the contingency theory supports the integration of the HRM practices with the company strategy. In essence, the theory advocates for the matching of the role of the human resources with the organization’s strategy, in this sense, only the inclusion of appropriate behavior that matches the specific organizational strategy will result in the attainment of a high level of success.

Looking at the economic, political and social environments that Walmart will operate in Hong Kong, the company will have to adopt the contingency theory in informing its HRM practices. The organization is likely to employ a new business strategy in the region based on the difference in the cultural beliefs and behavior of the local employees that the company will engage in. This is because the employees of Hong Kong origin are likely to uphold a different culture from those of the parent company. Walmart will be required to adopt a specific organizational strategy for its outlet in the region. As such, the HRM practices designed to manage the activities and behavior of the employees should be integrated.

The Effectiveness of HRM Strategies

Human resource management is mainly described as a concept that can be implemented in two forms, hard or soft HRM. According to Cook, MacKenzie and Forde (2016, p. 560) the soft HRM strategies are based on the theoretical foundation of normative theories of human resource management. The soft version of HRM is linked with the human relations movement and puts emphasis on the utilization of individual talents to achieve the goals of an organization. The soft aspect of HRM works in line with McGregor’s Theory Y that emphasizes “developmental-humanism”, a focus on humans.

The soft HRM strategies stress the significance of integrating human resource management policies and strategies with the goals and objectives of the organization. According to Michael (2017, p. 120), the model emphasizes the treatment of employees as important and valuable assets of the organization. These employees should also be seen as a major source of competitive advantage for the company. Ensuring that they are highly committed, increasing their level of adaptability and availing a flexible work environment for them does not only improve the quality of their skills but will also impact positively on the performance of the organization.

Under the soft model of HRM, employees are considered as proactive members of the organization that plays a major role in accomplishing its set goals. These employees are capable of taking part in developmental activities and collaborating with others to further enhance their performance. The soft model of HRM treats human resources as highly resourceful and thus focuses on enhancing their commitment, involvement and participation in the execution of various business activities (Michael (2017, p. 121). It is believed that achieving a highly committed workforce will not only enhance their quality but will also result in enhanced organizational performance.

On the contrary, hard HRM is a quantitative approach to the management of human resources. According to Michael (2017, p. 120) hard HRM strategies focus on the adoption of a calculative approach to communicate tough business language to the employees in an organization. Hard HRM strategies have been termed as human asset accounting since it emphasizes quantitative and calculative management of the people. The hard HRM strategy reduces people to passive objects that can be managed scientifically. As such, the people are not cherished as humans but are rather evaluated on whether their skills and expertise are needed by the company.

Hard HRM strategies stress the importance of resource maximization in an organizational contest. Through the integration of the human resources with the organizational policies and strategies, it is anticipated that the scientific management of people will result in higher performance. From the perspective of the hard HRM strategies, humans are considered vital factors of production and objects of just doing business, and not proactive individuals that are capable of handling issues independently to convert various factors of production into wealth.

The table below gives a summary of the features of the Hard and Soft HRM strategies

HRM Strategies and Employee Commitment

The adoption of soft or hard HRM strategies has different effects on the commitment of the employees. Soft HRM strategies are characterized by a human approach to the management of human resources as such, more likely to achieve a highly committed workforce. According to Michael (2017, p. 120), soft HRM strategies focus on enhancing the skills and abilities of the employees. As a result, a committed workforce with strong emotional ties to the company is achieved. On the contrary, such a high level of employee commitment cannot be attained with the use of hard HRM strategies (Verheul, 2018, p. 79). Since the hard strategies treat employees as just instruments of the company, the development of their skills is rarely observed. Rather, companies employing the hard HRM strategies look for the desirable skills and only hire those that qualify. The implications are a workforce that is less committed and has no serious psychological ties with the company.

Human resource management challenges: Workforce Flexibility

Workplace Flexibility refers to the ability of the employees to respond to probable changes in the business environment with much control from the management. The majority of the employees value flexibility since it gives them the freedom to tackle different tasks within and without their job description (Michael, 2017, p. 121). Also, flexibility within the workplace means that the managers will provide greater latitude for task completion, offer guidance and recognize the efforts of the employees to optimize their performance. Such kind of flexibility can only be attained through the adoption of soft HRM strategies. According to Verheul (2018, p. 78), the Soft HRM strategies focus on generating highly engaged and committed employees by involving them in different tasks. The soft HRM strategies offer maximum flexibility to the workers through empowerment, decentralization of tasks and promotion of teamwork. On the other hand, the hard HRM strategies are marred with strict control of the employees’ activities denying them the chance to freely undertake various tasks. As such, the adoption of a soft approach in the management of human resources is

Human resource management challenges: Workplace Quality

Soft HRM strategies have been associated with enhanced workplace quality and performance. The soft strategies allow the management to consult regularly with the employees and ensure they execute the tasks assigned correctly (Verheul, 2018, p. 78). Also, the soft HRM strategies emphasize the training and development of the employees to enhance their knowledge and expertise in their respective areas of specialization (Michael, 2017, p. 122). The motivation and empowerment supported by the soft strategies to human resource management also contribute towards a significant improvement in the overall productivity of the employees. An organization that manages its workforce based on the soft HRM strategies is likely to have a highly qualified workforce capable of offering quality services.

Contrarily, the hard HRM strategies have been associated with a lack of consultative discussions between the employees and the managers. The form of communication evidence when such hard approaches to human resource management are adopted is a direct downward form of communication that creates a bad relationship between the management and the workers. According to Verheul (2018, p. 73), the strict control of the employees’ activities promoted when hard HRM strategies are employed does not only kill the morale of the workforce but also affects their productivity. Hard HRM strategies are also characterized by minimal pay to the employees that is not commensurate to their work, leading to their inability to go the extra mile in their endeavors. The lack of motivation of the employees and excessive control of their movements results in the provision of poor quality services that affects the overall quality of the workforce

Introduction

McDonald Company is one of the fast-food restaurants that had registered continuous higher performance in the industry. The organization offers quality fast foods to consumers in various parts of the US that have resulted in its enhanced performance over the years. Despite its profitability, the company has to deal with the issue of health risks associated with its range of products. To evaluate the impacts of the health risk challenges of the various McDonald products, this paper is an analysis of the ethical implications of the organization’s products and activities. The analysis focus on the issue of social responsibility, business ethics and integrity.

McDonald’s company focuses on the production and sale of fast foods to consumers from different parts of the world. As much as fast foods are considered convenience foods by various customers, their adverse implications on the health and well-being of the consumers have resulted in the questioning of the ethical nature of the business. The company has been accused of taking part in and contributing to the many cases of obesity that are reported in the United States of America.

Business ethics requires that a company conducts its operations with a maximum level of honesty, integrity, and fairness for the various clients. The issue of social responsibility is also critical where the organization is expected to take part in activities that support the community and enhance their growth and development.

McDonald’s Social Responsibility 

Further, the franchise strategy implemented by the company has not only enhanced its access to various markets but has also led to the overall increased performance and growth of the organization (Mujtaba & Patel, 2007). Despite this high level of performance, McDonald’s still faces certain challenges in its operation. The company is criticized for the production of fast foods that are not only high in calories but are overly considered unhealthy since they have limited content of healthy nutrients. The company has considered the production of a wide range of food products however; the negative publicity has remained pervasive based on the perceptions of the customers.

McDonald’s Business Ethics

The attitude and perceptions of consumers towards the products offered by McDonald’s. The central focus of the report is to evaluate McDonald’s business ethics and the efforts adopted by the company to avail of healthy foods and consequent potential in the current  Many organizations are compelled to evaluate the perceptions of customers towards their products to understand the quality of their products and services. Gilbert et al (2004) assert that the direct link between customer satisfaction and overall performance of the organization makes it’s mandatory that the level of satisfaction of the company’s customers is evaluated. The potential determinants of customer satisfaction include perceived product value and food quality.

McDonald’s Integrity 

McDonald’s has maintained a lead in the fast-food industry for some time now. However, the recent issue of the health risks associated with its range of products is likely to jeopardize the overall performance of the organization in the future. The study conducted to ascertain the level of preference for the company’s products as currently observed shows that a significant number of customers still feel that the products pose a significant health risks to the consumers. As much as an enhanced product and service quality is assured, the preference for the products has greatly reduced. Apart from just introducing products high in essential nutrients and those that possess minimal health risks to the consumers, the organization should communicate the same to the customers to create awareness on the existence of such products. As such, it is recommended that the company continue with the production of foods low in calories, preferably baked products and fresh foods using naturally available raw materials.

Introduction
The bankruptcy and collapse of British Home Stores (BHS), a departmental store formed in the year 1928, is one of the most contentious retail business failures reported in the recent past. The company was formed in the year 1928 to compete with Woolworths in the low-cost retail market. In its early stages of operations, the organization did not only report higher sales and revenue, but also developed a strong brand in the industry. However, major performance issues were reported following the purchase of the company by Sir Phillip Green in the year 2000 who only reported short-term increase in profits for the 14 years of his management (Meek, 2016). He opted to sell out the company to Dominic Chapel in the year 2015, before its collapse in the year 2016. The collapse of the business led to the closure of more than 164 stores, loss of more than 11000 jobs and significant pension deficits (Ruddick, 2016). As much as the intense competition rivalry in the industry following the emergence of new players may have contributed to the BHS failure, the poor management of the company by the previous leaders is largely to be blamed for the business failure and its consequent fall into administration. This paper is an analysis of the underlying causes of the business failure followed with a discussion of the strategic decision that can be implemented by the management to recover from the failure.

Positive Leadership Behavior

The Root Cause Analysis of BHS Business Failure
According to Everett & Watson (1993) the analysis of the root cause of a business failure is identified based on the risks associated with the economy (macro factors), the industry (meso factors) and risks that are unique to the business. While the internal factors are considered the major causes of business failure, the external factors also play a vital role in the failures reported (Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley, 2000). In the retail sector, 26% of the variation in the income and profitability of the firm is explained by the exogenous factors that includes the industry and economic factors (Shepherd, Douglas & Shanley, 2000). However, the industry factors accounts for 17% of the changes thus more important in explaining the variations that may lead to success or failure of the business (Everett & Watson, 1993). Both industry and economic factors can result in business failures, nevertheless, the variations in the performance of the business are largely explained by the firm-based factors.

SWOT analysis of BHS shows the weaknesses and threats of the company that are considered the major factors leading to the failure of the business. Poor leadership is one of the weaknesses of the company that led to its collapse (Hawsons, 2016). According to the UK parliament report, personal greed of the previous leader of the retail outlet led to its massive losses and consequent closure (UK Parliament 2016). It is reported that Sir Phillip Green drawn huge sums of money before selling it out to Domnic Chapel, who was incompetent and inexperienced in the field. Before the sale of the retail outlet, Phillip Green and other shareholders received more than 580 million in dividends, loan interest and rental payment, leaving the company with minimal operational capital (Laurent, 2016). The decision to sell the company was seen as malice and an approach adopted by Sir Phillip to dispose a failing company.
The limited online presence of BHS is another weakness of the company that led to its failure. The underinvestment decision made by the company that barred them from implementing the e-retailing strategy and engaging in e-commerce business resulted in the failure reported. According to Laurent (2016) the changes in the customer’s need demanded for the retailers to increase their online presence to reach a wide customer base. BHS was reluctant to implement the strategy leading to their ineffectiveness in the competitive arena. The implementation of the ineffective strategies led to significant reduction in the company’s sales revenue and profitability. As indicated below, the company made loses for the five consecutive years between the year 2009 and 2014 (UK Parliament 2016).
Chosen Leader
Figure 2 BHS Net profit (UK Parliament report 2016)
A comparative analysis of the performance of the company with other players also shows that intense competition within the industry is a threat that led to the failure of the company. In addition, the presence of the substitutes goods offered by other players in the market also resulted in BHS loosing clients causing a negative effect on its revenue and sales (Hawsons, 2016). The constant reduction in the sales and profitability of BHS in the last six years leading to its failure, were thus attributed to the intense competition evident in the industry and the availability of substitutes that offer near similar benefits to the customers.

Figure 3: The performance of BHS in relation to other players (UK Parliament report 2016)
Richardson et al (1994) also proposed a framework that can be used in the analysis of internal factors that results in business failure. Termed the frog typology, the framework explains the failure of organizations in four main scenarios, the boiled frog, drowned frog, bull frog and tadpole. A boiled frog organization refers to the mature companies that starts with a strong financial health but fall repeatedly over the years while a drowned frog scenario refers to a company that has reported an increasing turnover at the expense of an enhanced profitability (Richardson et al (1994). The bullfrog scenario describes an organization marred with ethical issues following the entrepreneur spendthrift nature. Lastly, a tadpole scenario refers to an over-optimistic firm that fails to accomplish its set goals due to inadequacy in contingency planning. BHS failure case is best explained by the bull frog scenario, a case where the business owners mismanages the company’s firm for personal gains (Richardson et al., 1994). As evident from the case, poor leadership and mismanagement of funds by the previous owner of BHS, Sir Phillip, is believed to be the major cause of the business failure. Serious ethical issues have been raised following the claim justifying the BHS case as that of a bull frog scenario.

Respond to the following in a minimum of 350 words:

Consider the product line offered by your local McDonald’s franchise. Discuss examples of product width, length, depth and consistency offered by this company and what the company may consider in defining its product mix. (175 words)

What is the most important thing to consider in new product development? Why? (175 words)

McDonald’s Case

McDonald Company is one of the fast-food restaurants that had registered continuous higher performance in the industry. The organization offers quality fast foods to consumers in various parts of the US that have resulted in its enhanced performance over the years. McDonald’s has continually reported a higher level of performance in the fast-food industry since its inception in the year 1955. The company is considered the largest fast-food retail organization eminent from its cleanliness and hygienic process in the production of fast foods (Smith, 2005). The growth and expansion of McDonald’s in the global market have also been signed with the organization opening about 3200 restaurants in 117 countries. Further, the franchise strategy implemented by the company has not only enhanced its access to various markets but has also led to the overall increased performance and growth of the organization (Mujtaba & Patel, 2007).

Product Line 

McDonald’s mostly focuses on the provision of fast foods to various consumers worldwide. The company deals with the provision of a wide range of products ranging from different kinds of beverages, fries, and other fast foods. The companies product lines consist of Salads, Chicken and fish, Beverages, Shakes and sides, desserts,, McCafe and breakfast. Among the 4Ps, of the company products is the fundamental determinant of McDonald’s corporate image and brand. The company is primarily known for its burgers. This paper is an analysis of the burger product line of the company.

Burger product line depth 

The burger product line has a depth of nine. The product line consists of 9 different products. These nine products include big mac, Angus, hamburger, fish, Mcribs, Grilled chicken, crispy chicken. McDonald’s features a large number of products on their menu that are either permanent or do not change. After the first development of the products, the items remain on the menu for an extended period without subjecting them to any significant changes. The adoption of such an approach is effective in ensuring that there are always different foods from the product line. Burgers are the major product line of McDonald’s and contribute effectively towards its revenue and overall profitability.

Apart from the permanent products, the burger product line also has some temporary products that are offered on various seasons. Such products are offered and availed to customers to give them a specific feeling with the new product.

Cyber Law Reviewed 

Cyberlaw entails all of the approaches adopted by people to understand modern technology and encompasses all of the strategies employed to explore how people interact and communicate with each other through the internet. Cyber laws encompass different kinds of laws that are employed for varying purposes. These laws are employed for purposed of protecting people from becoming crime victims. This is achieved through scrapping any malicious activities from the users of the internet. Other laws are formulated for purposes of developing rules and regulations on how companies and employees in various organizations should use computers and the internet. The major types of cyber laws are advanced herein

Fraud
Online fraud is a common occurrence in the current internet world. A significant number of internet users have witnessed or become a victim of fraud in some instance of using the internet. Internet users currently rely on cyber laws to protect them against online fraud. Cyber laws have been enacted to protect internet users from malicious persons that may want to steal private information or access personal data from their computers. The laws have been implemented to prevent identity theft, different kinds of financial crime and credit card theft that are likely to occur through the internet. Cybercrime lawyers work to both defend consumers and prosecute individuals who engage in online fraud.

Copyright Protection 
Copyright violation has become more evident in the current internet system. Through internet online communication has been made possible presenting an opportunity for people to violate the copyrights of others. Both scholars and companies need to have in place a cyber law that protects individuals from violating their copyrights. Such laws protect the right of an individual and focuses on ensuring that their copyright is outrightly guided.

Defamation
The internet is used by people to communicate and convey different kinds of messages. People are at liberty of communicating any content they deem fit, however, when such content is proved to be untrue it is labeled ad defamation. These untrue statements from the internet users can have adverse negative implications on others as well as businesses across the world. Defamation laws have been enacted and are implemented to protect the affected victims and companies from such incorrect statements that may negatively affect their operations and activities.

Harassment and Stalking

Some sentiments from online users can result in stalking or harassment of the targeted victim. These sentiments in most cases have violated the criminal laws and are thus considered as threatening to the target person. Lawyers are given the opportunity of prosecuting and charging individuals who are considered to be engaging in various forms of stalking and harassment.

The case of War Game Movie

The war game movie is a film showcasing the deeds of a high school student David Lightman (Matthew Broderick) who unwittingly hacked into a military supercomputer in his process of searching for a new video game. In his search for a game on the Global Thermonuclear War, the student was able to activate the nation’s nuclear response to the actions and activities that were initiated in the Soviet Union. The ability of the student to hack the system and conduct such a dangerous act makes it important that cyber laws and rules are implemented to prevent such behaviors